History of Bihar
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History of Bihar
Mainarticle:Magadha
Seealso:Shishunagadynasty,NandaDynasty,Mauryandynasty,Shungadynasty,andKanvadynasty
Furtherinformation:Bimbisara,Ajatashatru,MahapadmaNanda,ChandraguptaMaurya,Bindusara,Ashoka,Samprati,andPushyamitraShunga
Furtherinformation:KalingaWar,Rajgriha,Pataliputra,EdictsofAshoka,Ashokavadana,Arthashastra,andEmblemofIndia
Furtherinformation:Ambapali,Chanakya,andBrhadrata
Shishunaga(alsocalledKingSisunaka)wasthefounderofadynastycollectivelycalledtheShishunagadynasty.HeestablishedtheMagadhaempire(in684BCE).Dueinparttothisbloodydynasticfeuding,itisthoughtthatacivilrevoltledtotheemergenceoftheShishunagadynasty.Thisempire,withitsoriginalcapitalinRajgriha,latershiftedtoPataliputra(bothcurrentlyintheIndianstateofBihar).TheShishunagadynastywasoneofthelargestempiresoftheIndiansubcontinent.
TheHariyankadynastykingBimbisarawasresponsibleforexpandingtheboundariesofhiskingdomthroughmatrimonialalliancesandconquest.ThelandofKosalafelltoMagadhainthisway.Estimatesplacetheterritoryruledbythisearlydynastyat300leaguesindiameter,andencompassing80,000smallsettlements.BimbisaraiscontemporarywiththeBuddha,andisrecordedasalaydisciple.Bimbisara(543–493BCE)wasimprisonedandkilledbyhisownsonwhobecamehissuccessor,Ajatashatru(491–461BCE),underwhoserule,thedynastyreacheditslargestextent.
Magadha
Bimbisara'sjail,whereKingBimbisarawasimprisonedbyhissonAjatashatru,inRajgir
Ajatashatru'sstupainRajgir,wherehisasheswereinterred.
VaishaliwasthecapitalofVajjianConfederacy,believedtobetheworld'searliestrepublic.[10][38][39][40]
AshokanPillaratVaishali.
Licchaviwasanancient—beforethebirthofMahavira—republicinwhatisnowtheBiharstateofIndia.[10]VaishaliwasthecapitalofLicchaviandtheVajjianConfederacy.TheMahavamsatellsthatacourtesaninthatcity,Ambapali,wasfamousforherbeauty,andhelpedinlargemeasureinmakingthecityprosperous.[41]
AjatashatruwenttowarwiththeLicchaviseveraltimes.Ajatashatruisthoughttohaveruledfrom551BCEto519BCEandmovedthecapitaloftheMagadhakingdomfromRajagrihatoPataliputra.TheMahavamsatellsthatUdayabhadraeventuallysucceededhisfather,Ajatashatru,andthatunderhimPataliputrabecamethelargestcityintheworld.Heisthoughttohaveruledforsixteenyears.Thekingdomhadaparticularlybloodysuccession.AnuruddhaeventuallysucceededUdaybhadrathroughassassination,andhissonMundasucceededhiminthesamefashion,asdidhissonNagadasaka.
TheNandaEmpireatitsgreatestextentunderDhanaNandac.323BCE.
Thisdynastylasteduntil424BCE,whenitwasoverthrownbytheNandadynasty.ThisperiodsawthedevelopmentinMagadhaoftwoofIndia'smajorreligions.GautamaBuddhainthe6thor5thcenturyBCEwasthefounderofBuddhism,whichlaterspreadtoEastAsiaandSoutheastAsia,whileMahavirarevivedandpropagatedtheancientsramanicreligionofJainism.
TheNandadynastywasestablishedbyanillegitimatesonofKingMahanandinfromthepreviousShishunagadynasty.TheNandadynastyruledMagadhaduringthe5thand4thcenturiesBC.Atitsgreatestextent,theNandaEmpireextendedfromBurmaintheeast,BalochistaninthewestandprobablyasfarsouthasKarnataka.[42]MahapadmaNandaofNandadynasty,hasbeendescribedasthedestroyerofalltheKshatriyas.HedefeatedtheIkshvakudynasty,aswellasthePanchalas,Kasis,Haihayas,Kalingas,Asmakas,Kurus,Maithilas,SurasenasandtheVitihotras.HeexpandedhisterritorytothesouthofDeccan.MahapadmaNandadiedattheageof88and,therefore,heruledduringmostoftheperiodofthisdynasty,whichlasted100years.
TheMauryaEmpireatitslargestextentunderAshokatheGreat.
SilverpunchmarkcoinoftheMauryaempire,withsymbolsofwheelandelephant.3rdcenturyBC.
In321BC,exiledgeneralChandraguptaMaurya,withthehelpofChanakya,foundedtheMauryadynastyafteroverthrowingthereigningNandakingDhanaNandatoestablishtheMauryaEmpire.TheMauryaEmpire(322–185BC),ruledbytheMauryandynasty,wasgeographicallyextensive,powerfulandapolitical-militaryempireinancientIndia.Duringthistime,mostofthesubcontinentwasunitedunderasinglegovernmentforthefirsttime.TheexceptionswerepresentdayTamilNaduandKerala(whichwasaTamilkingdomatthattime).TheempirehaditscapitalcityatPataliputra(nearmodernPatna).TheMauryanempireunderChandraguptaMauryawouldnotonlyconquermostoftheIndiansubcontinent,defeatingandconqueringthesatrapsleftbyAlexandertheGreat,butalsopushitsboundariesintoPersiaandCentralAsia,conqueringtheGandhararegion.ChandraguptaMauryathen
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